The clinical usefulness of morphine for treatment of chronic pain is limited by development of tolerance. So many authors have proposed the co-administration of other drugs. This study was performed to evaluate the role of gabapentin on analgesic effect of morphine. Four groups of male rats (220-250 g) were examined for time latency using tail flick test: control, morphine (M), gabapentin (GB),...

Abstract Background and Objective: According to the importance of learning and memory in the human life and also unavoidable neural degeneration due to aging, finding new compounds (drugs) against this process is valuable. However, there are many recommendations for herbal medicine and constituents which encouraged us to examine a candidate plant Zingiber officinalis for the mentioned purpose. ...

background: the cholinergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. administration of extracts of curcuma longa or its constituent, curcumin, have some roles in cognitive function in animals. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of curcumin in preventing spatial performance impairment induced by scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor antagonist, in rats using ...

Buthotus schach is one of the dangers scorpion in Iran that belong to the Buthidae family. Toxins are existing in venom scorpion, modulate the ion channels by blocking or opening the pore of the channel or by altering the voltage gating and useful as pharmacological tools. In the present study, we investigated the effect of venom and its obtained fractions by gel filtrations on electrophysiolog...

A multiwavelength excitation process using F2 and KrF excimer lasers for the high-efficiency and high-speed refractive index modification of fused silica is demonstrated. This process is essentially superior to conventional single-wavelength F2 laser processing. The former process achieves twice the diffraction efficiency of the latter process at the same number of total photons supplied to the...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIV) of the H5N1 subtype occasionally transmit from birds to humans and can cause severe systemic infections in both hosts. PB1-F2 is an alternative translation product of the viral PB1 segment that was initially characterized as a pro-apoptotic mitochondrial viral pathogenicity factor. A full-length PB1-F2 has been present in all human influenza p...

This paper considers the thread scheduling problem. The thread scheduling problem abstracts the problem of minimizing memory latency, using a directed data dependency graph generated form a compiler, to improve run time eÆciency. Two thread scheduling problems are formulated and shown to be strongly NP-complete. New methods and algorithms for analyzing a data dependency graph in order to comput...

{ Parallel applications suuer from signiicant bus traac due to the transfer of shared data. Large block sizes exploit locality and decrease the eeective memory access time. It also has a tendency to group data together even though only a part of it is needed by any one processor. This is known as the false sharing problem. This research presents a dynamic sub-block coherence protocol which mini...

|As the capacities of eld-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) grow, they will be used to implement much larger circuits than ever before. These larger circuits often require signiicant amounts of storage. In order to address these storage requirements, FPGAs with large embedded memory arrays are now being developed by several vendors. One of the crucial components of an FPGA with on-chip memory is...

As the modern computing environment expands memory hierarchy from CPU registers and local memory to network storage, the optimal goal of a computer architect becomes to design a memory hierarchy that maximizes the overall design of his machine with a minimal cost. This requires deciding on the number, speed and size of the hierarchical layers. As the gap between processor and memory speed is gr...