Contingency management (CM) for drug abstinence has been applied to individuals independently even when delivered in groups. We developed a group CM intervention in which the behavior of a single, randomly selected, anonymous individual determined reinforcement delivery for the entire group. We also compared contingencies placed only on cocaine abstinence (CA) versus one of four behaviors (CA, ...

BACKGROUND The effects of time to referral for catheter ablation (CA) of scar-related ventricular tachycardia (VT) on acute success, VT recurrence, and cardiac mortality are unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated 300 patients after CA of sustained VT. CA was performed within 30 days after the first documented VT in 75 (25%) patients (group 1), between 1 month and 1 year in 84 (28%) pati...

Objective: Intermittend, hypothermic aortic cross-clamping (IAC) with myocardial ®brillation and cardioplegic arrest (CA) have been established both as effective methods for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Nevertheless, there exists controversy about the more bene®cial cardioprotective effect of one of these procedures in CABG-patients. Methods: In this prospective study we compared the ...

A group G is said to be n-centralizer if its number of element centralizers $$\mid {{\,\mathrm{Cent}\,}}(G)\mid =n$$ , an F-group every non-central centralizer contains no other and a CA-group all are abelian. For any non-abelian G, we prove that \frac{G}{Z(G)}\mid \le (n-2)^2$$ $$n 12$$ 2(n-4)^{{log}_2^{(n-4)}}$$ otherwise, which improves earlier result. We arbitrary F-group, then gcd $$(n-2, ...

Avian sperm are stored in the sperm storage tubules (SSTs) of the hen oviduct for a prolonged period. The impact of avidin-related protein-2 (AVRP2) and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) in sperm viability in the SSTs has been suggested. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of a high dose of thyroxine on the oviductal expression of AVRP2<...

BACKGROUNDS Deficiency or excess of trace elements can induce body metabolic disorders and cellular growth disturbance, even mutation and cancerization. Since there are few studies of the effect of trace elements in bladder carcinoma in China, the aim of this study was thus to assess variation using a case control approach. METHODS To determine this, 81 patients with bladder carcinoma chosen ...

This study aimed to investigate effects of restricted calcium intake on cortical and trabecular bone density in white rats. Low Ca diet was fed for six weeks, and bone density and bone metabolism parameters were assessed in blood. This study was carried out on 12 male white rats aged 12 weeks (Sprague-Dawley; SD). These rats were bred for 1 week and randomly assigned to the standard calcium die...

The calcium receptor (CaR) plays a central role in calcium (Ca) sensing by the parathyroid gland and other organs, including the brain. Chronic lithium (Li) therapy causes a significant alteration in Ca-sensing by the CaR-expressing parathyroid chief cells through an unknown mechanism, shifting the PTH set-point (the level of Ca that half-maximally suppresses PTH secretion) to the right. Ca is ...

Effects of undernutrition on development of cadmium (Cd) poisoning were investigated in mice over a long experimental period ranging from 29 days to 24 months. The study was designed to examine low in calcium, low in vitamin D and low in vitamin E diets, which were considered neither to induce lesions of Ca, vitamin D and vitamin E deficiency nor in nutrition. Twenty-nine-day-old female ICR str...