Leaf area index (LAI) is a key ecological indicator for describing the structure of canopies and modelling energy exchange between atmosphere biosphere. While LAI forest overstory can be accurately assessed over large spatial scales via remote sensing, understory (LAIu) still largely ignored in studies ecosystem due to fact that it often too complex destructively sampled or approximated by othe...

A new divertor concept REVOLVER-D2 that uses metal pebbles as a target has been proposed for the LHD-type helical fusion reactor FFHR-c1. Demonstration of sufficient plasma shielding rate is one important issues to show feasibility REVOLVER-D2. For this purpose, an experiment on irradiation pebble flow conducted in sheet device TPDsheet-U Tokai University. Reduction ion flux and electron densit...

Running-wave solutions to three systems of partial differential equations describing wave propagation in atomic media in the kinetic limit have been obtained. Those systems include approximations to (i) standard two-level Maxwell–Bloch equations; (ii) equations describing processes with saturated absorption in three-level systems and (iii) equations describing processes with reversed saturation...

After potato, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the world?s second-largest vegetable crop. More than 80% of consumption comes from processed products such as ketchup, juice, pickled tomatoes, sauces, paste, pur?e. Samples mild ketchup two different manufacturers (A and B) were selected for analysis content natural food colors E160a E160d. Using a UV-Vis spectrophotometric method Lambert-Beer law...

High-end spectrophotometric analytical instruments are typically employed in academic institutions and industrial research laboratories and are rarely available for experimenters or younger students. An affordable high-tech robotic product manufactured by Lego may be employed as a single-beam monochromatic light source, detector and display to demonstrate and investigate the Beer-Lambert law us...