Three nearly simultaneous events around the end of the 19th century, i.e., the discovery of X‐rays by Roentgen in 1895, natural radioactivity by Antoine‐Henri Becquerel in 1896 and isolation of Radium by the Curies' in 1898 opened the nuclear era which has changed broadly the worlds of physics, biology and medicine. At the close of the 20th century, fundamental discoveries in biology at molecul...

The interaction of thermal radiation with conduction and laminar natural convection in a vertical circular pin, situated at participating gas, is numerically investigated. An absorbing and emitting gas is considered, and treated to be a gray participating media. Under the idealizing of gray gas, the Rosselan4 approximation is employed to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. ...

1. introduction the process by which the net radiation is transformed to the atmospheric dynamical energy, occur to a large degree at the interface between the surface and the atmosphere. as the driving force for such process, an accurate estimation of the net radiation at the earth’s surface is a necessary input for surface process models. net radiation is a key component in the surface radiat...

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was the worst industrial accident of the last century that involved radiation. The unprecedented release of multiple different radioisotopes led to radioactive contamination of large areas surrounding the accident site. The exposure of the residents of these areas was varied and therefore the consequences for health and radioecology could not be...