The focus of this article is criminal drug users and their changing behavior. Two important considerations are addressed within this topic. First, an overview of drug use is given, including a brief historical perspective on its treatment as well as its implications on crime. The article also discusses why substance abuse treatment in the criminal population is necessary and on what scale. Spec...

[1] A warming trend has been detected in the world’s oceans in recent decades. The basin-averaged warming, however, shows a complex vertical structure in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Warming in the upper ocean-with maxima near the surfaceaccompanies a strong cooling in the upper thermocline. Analysis of observed data and model solutions from this study reveals that the complex structure is co...

An increase in social inequalities in premature mortality has been observed in the last decades in various European countries. In France, large inequalities have been reported for several years, but the changes over time have been only partially examined. The study was based on the analysis of a large longitudinal data set. Four periods of 7 years following a census were compared. Deaths in the...

Background Brazil is a country of Portuguese colonization with massive numbers of immigrants and Portuguese descendants (25 millions). At least half of all Brazilian Y chromosomes are from Portuguese origin. Nevertheless, this population suffered miscegenation with native Indians and African descendants. African descendants Brazilians have 48% of non-African genes, probably from Portuguese asce...

Climate change  is one of the most important challenges in recent years. Heavy flood, hot weather, early coldness, most of drought replications, risen of sea water level, pests and plant disease ,reducing of ozone layer thickness, global worming ,and melting ices, are cases that introduced climate change issue in recent decades more. Climate is one of the most important  factors for crop  chang...

Objective of this study is to determine whether there are significant changes in maximum temperature trends between the current (1981-2010) and future (2011-2099) periods. To this end, statistical downscaling is used to project future changes in the maximum temperatures according to A2 and B2 scenarios of HADCM3 in the 7 selected stations of Iran. The possibilities of an accelerating trend are ...