Introduction: Emergency diet is the most important factor in passive defense that can be effective in war situations and crisis management in non-war situations. Due to the favorable conditions of emergency diet, it is important that it provides the required macro and micro molecules.Since most of the Emergency diet composition is composed of carbohydrates, it is very important that it can be u...

toury (1978:200) believes that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions. being polite while asking for something takes place differently in different cultures and languages, therefore various strategies may be applied for making requests and also translation of them in order not to disturb or threaten the face or better to sa...

the present study was an attempt to determine the types of motivation and levels of foreign language learning anxiety among efl students studying at azad and state universities in kermanshah and to determine the relationship between these two factors and language proficiency and gender. to this end, the foreign language learning motivation scale, by deci and ryan )1985(, were administered to 12...