The debate on grammar in second language acquisition: past, present, and future, is a well written summary of both explicit and implicit grammar instruction in second language acquisition from past to present and with future projections. The thesis holds that explicit grammar instruction plays a very important role in foreign language learning and teaching and argues that English education in C...

according to a basic prediction made by the revised hierarchical model (rhm,kroll & stewart, 1994), there is no l2 conceptual connection at the beginning stages of language learning as l2 learners mostly rely on l1 conceptual connections to retrieve the meaning of the l2 words.with increasing proficiency, however, there would be a direct access from l2 to the conceptual system. available litera...

abstract the role of l1 in second/foreign language learning has been the subject of much debate and controversy. this article reports on a piece of research carried out in a junior high school in isfahan, iran. this study was conducted to examine the effect of using translation from l1 to l2 on the improvement of efl learners' language accuracy. to fulfill the purpose of the study, 62 stud...

The field of second language acquisition (SLA) studies is characterized by two different traditions. One tradition is linguistic and focusses on the process by which learners build up their linguistic knowledge of the second language (L2). Here the focus is on learning. Human beings are credited with an innate capacity to learn language which explains why the process of learning manifests disti...

The current study investigated the effects of L1 and L2 glosses on L2 vocabulary retention in incidental and intentional settings. To this end, 100 intermediate Iranian female learners of English as a foreign language at Soroosh High School were given a pre-test to make sure that they do not have any prior knowledge of the target words. Reading passages with three different glossing conditions ...

Standard models of language learning are concerned with weak learning: the learner, receiving as input only information about the strings in the language, must learn to generalise and to generate the correct, potentially infinite, set of strings generated by some target grammar. Here we define the corresponding notion of strong learning: the learner, again only receiving strings as input, must ...

Many studies in the past decade have shown that "earlier is better" as far as learning a second language (L2) is concerned. That is, individuals who began learning their L2 in late adolescence or early adulthood ("late bilinguals") usually resemble native speakers of the L2 less than individuals who began learning their L2 in childhood ("early bilinguals") do. Early bilinguals have been shown t...

Malta has currently attracted numerous non-natives who consider the island conducive for business, investment and work. To enhance their working living experience in Malta, several foreigners are learning Maltese as a second language (ML2), which could be challenging to learn, especially its grammar, if (L2) learners do not know Arabic. Furthermore, ML2 is new subject with lack of research peda...