Multiple conceptualizations of the interrelation between assessment and learning yield three notions of assessment: assessment of learning, assessment for learning, and assessment as learning. This paper aims at uncovering roles and obstacles of assessment for learning and assessment as learning in English language classrooms in Hong Kong. Grounded upon the theory of constructivism and the noti...

T he topics of long-term autonomy and lifelong learning are attracting an increasing amount of attention in the robotics research community. Robots now routinely operate without human intervention for short periods of time, and several systems have demonstrated operation over longer durations. However, in the future, the majority of robots will need to function autonomously, outside the laborat...

In recent years there has been a growing recognition of the importance of learner autonomy and the role of individual learners in directing their own learning process, both inside and outside the classroom (Alford & Pachler, 2007; Benson, 2000; Breen, 2001; Conacher & Kelly-Holmes, 2007). However, in practice it is not always clear how to support learners in this role, and how to ensure they ar...

Connectivism has been offered as a new learning theory for a digital age, with four key principles for learning: autonomy, connectedness, diversity, and openness. The testing ground for this theory has been massive open online courses (MOOCs). As the number of MOOC offerings increases, interest in how people interact and develop as individual learners in these complex, diverse, and distributed ...

Reinforcement learning is one of effect,ive controller for autonomous robots. Became it does not need priori knowledge and hehaviom to complete given tasks are obtained automatically by repeating trial and error. However a large number of trials are required to realize complex tasks. So the task that can be obt.ained using t.he real robot is restricted to simple ones. Comidering these points, v...

Epistemic limitations concerning prediction and explanation of the behaviour of robots that learn from experience are selectively examined by reference to machine learning methods and computational theories of supervised inductive learning. Moral responsibility and liability ascription problems concerning damages caused by learning robot actions are discussed in the light of these epistemic lim...

Distance Learning (DL) relates to every teaching-learning process in which the actual presence of students and teachers is replaced by technological mediation. This study traces a brief history of DL worldwide and in Brazil, as it’s essential to refer to such history in order to understand this educational genre which complies each day more with students’ demand for a new way of learning, makin...