Nature provides numerous functions and services that can contribute to societal climate change adaptation. These ‘adaptation services’ be sustained, latent, or novel, depend on persistence transformation of ecosystems, require varying co-production by people. Adaptation also include mitigation. We present an approach explore extensive set land use scenarios outline possible futures for a landsc...

Complex, human-dominated landscapes provide unique challenges to animals. In landscapes fragmented by human activity, species whose home ranges ordinarily consist of continuous habitat in pristine environments may be forced to forage among multiple smaller habitat patches embedded in an inhospitable environment. Furthermore, foragers often must decide whether to traverse a heterogeneous suite o...

The rock-paper-scissors game-which is characterized by three strategies R,P,S, satisfying the non-transitive relations S excludes P, P excludes R, and R excludes S-serves as a simple prototype for studying more complex non-transitive systems. For well-mixed systems where interactions result in fitness reductions of the losers exceeding fitness gains of the winners, classical theory predicts tha...

Adult dispersal and completion of life cycles by aquatic insects are essential for the persistence of populations, colonization of new habitats, and maintenance of genetic diversity. However, life-cycle stages and processes associated with the terrestrial environment often are overlooked when the effect of watershed urbanization on the persistence of insects associated with streams is examined....

Background: The road to respond to the needs of today's modern world, affected by the advancement of technological tools, seeks to increase speed and increasing safety. This study seeks to improve the landscape quality of roads, explains the effective criteria in road design and the need to pay attention to the category of design ethics and emphasizes them. Conclusion: In order to increase the...

the purpose of this study was the introduction of seed accumulation index as a new approach in the evaluation of soil seed bank consistency in the populus caspica in noor reserved forest park. sampling were made above ground vegetation at peak vegetation cover during june 2010 by systematic- selective method. soil samples were collected during late june, late november and early february by hamm...

the notion of sustainable development has rapidly gained considerable attention since the lastdecades of the twentieth century. it has become a locus for global paradigm shift on environment and development issues particularly after rio conference in 1992. the comparative analysis of agenda 21 and major un documents, mdg, and rio+20 as well as some major sources are made to provide a context fo...

Adverse changes in rangeland vegetation can be considered as one of the criteria for land degradation. Some of these changes can be evaluated through monitoring the spatial changes of landscape parameters. This study aimed to investigate the landscape changes in Kezab rangelands of Yazd province, central Iran. Landsat satellite images of 1990, 2002, and 2013, and landscape metrics including Tot...