Dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels are critical to excitation-secretion and excitation-contraction coupling. The channel molecule is a complex of the main, pore-forming subunit alpha 1 and four additional subunits: alpha 2, delta, beta, and gamma (alpha 2 and delta are encoded by a single messenger RNA). The alpha 1 subunit messenger RNA alone directs expression...

Shiga toxins (Stxs) are bacterial virulence factors produced by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and Escherichia coli strains. Stxs are critical factors for the development of diseases such as severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Additionally, Stxs trigger the secretion of pro- inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly in monocytes or macrophages. The inflammatory cyto...

Dear Editor On September 2018, a case report titled “Squamous cell carcinoma arising from a sebaceous cyst” was published in the “Journal of Surgery and Trauma” (volume 6, issue 2) (1). It was an interesting article; however, I think when dealing about such rare tumors, it is important to be aware of other diseases, such as proliferating trichilemmal cysts (PTC) that may be confused with squam...

Kainate receptors (KARs) modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity, and their dysfunction has been linked to several disease states such as epilepsy and chronic pain. KARs are tetramers formed from five different subunits. GluK1–3 are low affinity kainate binding subunits, whereas GluK4/5 bind kainate with high affinity. A number of these subunits can be present in any given cell type, and ...

Voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels are heteromultimers of Ca(V)α(1) (pore), Ca(V)β- and Ca(V)α(2)δ-subunits. The stoichiometry of this complex, and whether it is dynamically regulated in intact cells, remains controversial. Fortunately, Ca(V)β-isoforms affect gating differentially, and we chose two extremes (Ca(V)β(1a) and Ca(V)β(2b)) regarding single-channel open probability to address this que...

how to cite this article: eslamiyeh h, ashrafzadeh f, akhondian j, beiraghi toosi m. homocystinuria: a rare disorder presenting as cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. iran j child neurol. spring 2015;9(2):53-57. abstract objective homocystinuria is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism caused by cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency that affects methionine metabolism. the clinical features are ...