In this paper, an understanding of reactive power associated with power transmission networks is developed. To make transmission networks operate within desired voltage limits, methods of making up or taking away reactive power— hereafter called reactive-power control—are discussed. Before proceeding further, however, a thorough understanding of the reactive power in ac systems is necessary. Th...

In modern electrical power systems, electricity is produced at generating stations, transmitted through a high voltage network, and finally distributed to consumers. Due to the rapid increase in power demand, electric power systems have developed extensively during the 20th century, resulting in today’s power industry probably being the largest and most complex industry in the world. Electricit...

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A. It is localized in large reticular formation neurons, and is the chemical mediator in the synapse of a motor endplate. The electrical signal of the motor nerve terminal causes release of many packets of acetylcholine. The packets are released into the synaptic cleft, where receptors in the postjunctional membran...

Research in space technology and small satellite development is getting more prosperous in recent year. The 2U CubeSat PHOENIX is developed at NCKU as a part of the QB50 mission, which will be launched in 2017. PHOENIX consists of several subsystems and one of the most critical one is the Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS), which provides, stores, distribute and controls the satellite’s electrica...

Designing clock distribution networks is a big challenge for future microprocessors due to increasing frequency, power, transistor counts and process variations. As technology scales, implementing conventional clock distribution networks that meet low power and skew requirements is becoming more difficult. On the other hand, optical interconnects are being proposed as an alternative to electric...

This paper narrates an application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for economic load dispatch. The main objective function is to optimize the Fuel cost and Active power loss by considering the power flows within the allowable limits. The PSO is simple in concept and easy in implementation. It does not require any derivative information, sure and fast convergence. Moreover, the problem can ...

BACKGROUND Thalamocortical EEG rhythms in gamma (30-80 Hz) and high-gamma (80-200 Hz) ranges have been linked to arousal and conscious processes. To test the hypothesis that general anesthetics attenuate these rhythms, we characterized the concentration-effect relationship of propofol on the spectral power of these rhythms. In view of the ongoing debate about cortex versus thalamus as the prima...

The inhibitory neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) contribute to the generation of widespread oscillations in the thalamocortical system. Some TRN neurons are interconnected by electrical synapses, and here we tested the possibility that electrical synapses mediate rhythmic synchrony in juvenile rats. Both the incidence and strength of electrical coupling between pairs of TRN neuron...