در سال¬های اخیر، طراحی بهینه بر اساس قابلیت اطمینان (rbdo) به یک موضوع مهم و مورد توجه پژوهشگران سازه تبدیل شده است. هدفِ این نوع طراحی، تعیینِ طرحی است که علاوه بر اقتصادی بودن در حضور عدم قطعیت¬های احتمالی ایمن نیز باشد. اغلب روش¬های rbdo موجود، بر اساس مفاهیم موجود در روش¬های مرتبه اول قابلیت اطمینان (form) بنا شده¬اند. دلیل این امر، ساده بودن تخمین ایمنیِ سازه در این روش در مقایسه با سایر روش¬...

this study compared the different effects of form-focused guided planning vs. meaning-focused guided planning on iranian pre-intermediate students’ task performance. the study lasted for three weeks and concentrated on eight english structures. forty five pre-intermediate iranian students were randomly assigned to three groups of guided planning focus-on-form group (gpfg), guided planning focus...

abstract the present study deals with a comparison between reactive and pre-emptive focus-on-form in terms of application and efficiency. it was conducted in an intermediate english class in shahroud. 15 male learners participated in this research and their age ranged from 18 to 25. a course book, new interchange 3, and a complementary book were used. every session the learners gave lectures o...

most of the verbal constructions of harzani dialect have got inflectional affixes. the majority of the constructions are made up vy adding a specific verbal affix to the verbal stem (infinitive without infinitive marker). only a few number of them is formed by adding a verbal affix to the past participle of the verb. there are specific rules for the formation of different verbal types. there is...

the research questions were as follows: 1. is there any relationship between the students concious awareness of the form and implications of the conjuncations and their improvement in using appropriate conjunctions? 2. does students knowledge of the from and the implications of the conjunctions help them to produce more coherent writings. 3. does a comparison between english conjunctions and th...