The boundary problem holds that, whatever the theory of democratic legitimacy, initial act constituting demos can never be considered met by it. Many contemporary attempts to solve understood as falling into two categories: functional views and global views. This article argues against both Functional exacerbate legitimacy puzzle posed problem, while a democracy cannot held democratically accou...

Why have states legalised international norms promoting domestic democracy in some regions of the world? This issue poses a difficult puzzle because standard assumptions about state preferences for sovereignty make the creation of strong, binding international rules on democracy unlikely. We identify four possible answers: the interests of powerful states, common government interests in domesti...

Democratically elected incumbents have engaged in subverting democracy without losing popular support several countries recent years. It remains a puzzle that this phenomenon has occurred relatively mature democracies. In research note, I argue citizens become less likely to sanction undemocratic behaviour as their country gains democratic experience because they lose incentives form opinions o...

This paper develops a positive theory of growth and redistribution in which agents care about both their absolute and relative levels of consumption. As in Alesina and Rodrik (1994), public goods are productive and are financed by a tax on capital. Equilibrium tax policy is chosen by a pivotal voter and is shown to reflect the strength of status preferences and the distributions of wealth and p...

ing from specificities, we can break down pendulum democracy at the local level into ten general characteristics as well:14 Practices

Virtues, or habituated excellences of character, have been understood as having important roles in political regimes since the very beginnings of Western political thought. Across remarkable variation in theorists’ contexts and perspectives, the virtues are considered central to the flourishing of regimes beyond otherwise abstract norms and formal institutions. In Greek thought, for example, et...