In ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks, several routing algorithms rely on the knowledge by the network nodes of their own geographic location and those of others. For cases where a node doesn’t have its own positioning device (e.g., GPS), Alfaro et al. propose several algorithms that a node can run to determine its geographic position using position reports from neighbors. In this pap...

Location based routing protocols are the kinds of routing protocols, which use of nodes’ location information, instead of links’ information for routing. They are also known as position based routing. In position based routing protocols, it is supposed that the packet source node has position information of itself and its neighbors and packet destination node. In recent years, many location bas...

This paper presents a network layer mechanism for the efficient dissemination of Global Positioning System (GPS) based node position in ad hoc networks, and shows its application to problems involving geographic awareness. In particular, we describe how, based on a “position database” maintained through the dissemination mechanism, a node of the network can direct messages to all the nodes curr...

Background: Hypertension during pregnancy period along with the presence of protein in the urine, after the 20th weeks of gestation is called preeclampsia (PE). About five percent of all pregnancies are manifested with PE and its exact etiology has still remained unknown. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has an important role in the regulation of blood pressure during pregnancy and so pathoph...

Geographic routing protocols show good properties for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). They are stateless, local and scalable. However they require that each node of the network is aware of its own position. While it may be possible to equip each node with GPS receiver, even if it is costly, there are some issues and receiving a usable GPS signal may be difficult in some situations. For these re...