The intrinsic nature of local rocks shaped the features of built heritage in historical centers. The resulting building culture is part of the cultural heritage itself, and must be considered when building in such areas, while it is essential to solve the issues related to traditional constructions’ weaknesses. Nonetheless, the potentialities of massive stone envelopes, particularly the importa...

Management of solid wastes is considered as an economic and environmental issue in the building stone industry. The current study uses raw and calcined calcareous sludge, generated in the stone cutting factories, in order to remove sulfur dioxide. Sludge characterization has been performed, using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-d...

Historic buildings have their own specialized and traditional techniques used in their construction. These are not generally practiced in modern buildings. Working with stone is very technical, laborious and time consuming job. It needs sensitivity and perfection both at workers 8and supervisor level. It is required to prepare different stone members in exactly the same size, proportion and des...

The monitoring of temperature and moisture changes in response to different micro-environment of building stones is essential to understand the material behaviour and the degradation mechanisms. From a practical point of view, having a continuous and detailed understanding of micro-environmental changes in building stones helps to assist in their maintenance and repair strategies. Temperature w...

in some climates, massive buildings made of stone, masonry, concrete, earth and … can be utilized as one of the simplest and most effective ways of reducing building heating and cooling loads. very often such savings could be achieved in the design stage of the building and with a relatively low-cost. such declines in building envelope heat losses combined with optimized material configuration ...

Different structural parts of monuments and historic buildings were based on stone as the main building material, such as masonry and foundation, while many types of stones were also used for decorative, architectural elements, such as reliefs, cornices, corbels, colonnettes. The preservation of stone elements is crucial for the continuity of these structures. Mortar on the other hand is an art...

S ince the beginning of the Christian era, the Apuanian Alps between the provinces of Massa Carrara and Lucca in Tuscany, have been a centre for the excavation of white marble, venato and arabescato, and Cardoso stone. Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of calcium carbonate with a quartz content of less than 1%. Cardoso stone (from the name of the village of Cardoso) is a dark grey metamorph...