The present study probed 409 Iranian English as foreign language (EFL) learners' motivation and attitude toward English as an International Language (EIL) by investigating the causal relationships of their facets via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). To do so, the Persian version of the ‘attitudes toward EIL’ scale was designed and validated. It measures five constructs of: cultural realism, ...

Response variability is a fundamental issue in neural coding because it limits all information processing. The reliability of neuronal coding is quantified by various approaches in different studies. In most cases it is largely unclear to what extent the conclusions depend on the applied reliability measure, making a comparison across studies almost impossible. We demonstrate that different rel...

INTRODUCTION Patients usually experience pain during orthodontic treatment. This fact can affect cooperation and the development of treatment. Reporting pain during treatment seems to be influenced by emotional aspects such as the patient's motivation. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between patient's motivation and the intensity of reported pain during two stages of treatment. METHODS...

Abstract The study followed the re-enrolment processes of six young people in Northern Norway who had dropped out high school. Early process, participants focused on their experiences with lack inner motivation, endurance, and confusion concerning what they wanted to do lives. Later described positive changes motivation reduced about future goals. Their feeling ‘being stuck’ changed into a ‘mov...

Since learning English as a foreign language in Iran has turned into one of the mostimportant issues in educational settings, especially in recent years, having motivated teachersin education and maintaining this motivation is one of the defining factors in assuring students’learning. Teachers' motivation affects the process of teaching and EFL learners’ achievement.The present study was an att...