Inspired by the previous recast literature, this paper aims to investigate whether more explicit recasts are effective than implicit in second language grammar teaching and learning. Four empirical studies (two classroom-based two laboratory-based) on were reviewed. In studies, coded as or according their length, intonation, number of changes, type change, prosodic emphasis, etc. The effectiven...

One of the modern paradigms to develop an application is object oriented analysis and design. In this paradigm, there are several objects and each object plays some specific roles in applications. In an application, we must distinguish between procedural semantics and declarative semantics for their implementation in a specific programming language. For the procedural semantics, we can write a ...

Answer set programming (ASP) is a declarative programming paradigm for solving search problems arising in knowledge-intensive domains. One viable way to implement the computation of answer sets corresponding to problem solutions is to recast a logic program as a Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem and to use existing SAT solver technology for the actual search. Such mappings can be obtained by...

Parametrized logic programs, for which a syntax and natural declarative semantics have been recently defined, are very expressive logic programs under the stable model semantics (also usually called answer set programs) in which complex formulas of a given parameter logic are allowed to appear in the body and head of rules. The choice of the parameter logic depends largely on the domain of the ...

This study investigates the effect of four types of oral corrective feedback, namely, explicit elicitation, implicit elicitation, explicit recast and implicit recast on the most commonly mispronounced phonological features among Iranian EFL learners through immediate uptake and retention. Five classes were randomly categorized into four experimental groups and one control group, each with 18 in...