background and objectives: dna ladder contains dna fragments of different length but with known size, used to determine the size of unknown dna molecules. different dna ladders are available for expected dna length. conserved sequences were selected for design of primers to generate dna fragments of known specific size. materials and methods: in this study, we describe a method by which dna lad...

for a long time, scientists have tried to describe disorders just by genetic or environmental factors. however, the role of epigenetics in human diseases has been considered from a half of century ago. in the last decade, this subject has attracted many interests, especially in complicated disorders such as behavior plasticity, memory, cancer, autoimmune disease, and addiction as well as neurod...

objective: in this paper, we have introduced topoisomerase inhibitors, mechanism of action and types of them. dna topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze essential enzymes to solve the topological problems accompanying key nuclear processes such as dna replication, transcription, repair and chromatin assembly by introducing temporary single or double strand breaks in the dna. result...

all wasp species in the genus lysiphlebus fã¶rster are solitary endoparasitoids of aphids andconsidered a taxonomically difficult group. in this study a part of coi and its2 was used to distinguishtwo closely related species l. fabarum (marshall) and l. confusus tremblay & eady in iran. thesequencing with a similarity about 99.5% showed coi's inability to separate the species l. fabarum an...

two nuclear microsatellite dna loci along with partial sequences of mitochondrial dna trna pro -d-loop region were analyzed to assess the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of spottybelly greenling ( hexagrammos agrammus ). a total of 85 individuals were investigated from two different locations at the east and the south coasts of korea which are imwonjin (im) and tongyeong (tn)...