Background: High-energy linear accelerator (linac) is a valuable tool and the most commonly device for external beam radiation treatments in cancer patients. In the linac head, high-energy photons with energies above the threshold of interaction produce photoneutrons. These photoneutrons deliver the extra dose to the patients in the planning treatment and increase the risk of secondary cancer.O...

Characterisation of unbounded resources of a social system within the sociological interpretation has resulted in a large number of different notions, which are relevant in different situations. From the view point of statistical mechanics, these notions resemble free energy. In this paper the concept of social free energy is introduced and first steps toward its development presented. The soci...

Wind power generation is variable and uncertain. In the power systems with high penetration of wind power, determination of equivalent operating reserve is the main concern of systems operator. In this paper, a model is proposed to determine operating reserves in simultaneous market clearing of energy and reserve by stochastic programming based on scenarios generated via Monte Carlo simulation ...

Abstract For atomic scale plasma processing involving precise, (an)isotropic and selective etching deposition, it is required to precisely control the energy of ions. Tailored waveforms have been employed bias substrate table accurately this ion energy. Recent research has shown that switched-mode power converters can be used generate kind waveform, with benefit increased efficiency flexibility...

effective elastic properties for carbon nanotube reinforced composites are obtained through a variety of micromechanics techniques. an embedded carbon nanotube  in  a  polymer  matrix  and  its surrounding  interphase  is  replaced with an equivalent fiber for  predicting  the  mechanical  properties of  the  carbon  nanotube/polymer composite. the effects of an interphase layer between the nan...