A prototype concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) module was designed and constructed with a low concentrating dielectric compound parabolic concentrator (DiACPC) for outdoor characterisation. The designed concentrator has acceptance half angles of 0 & 55 with a concentration ratio of 2.8. This concentrator design is suitable for building facade integration in higher latitude (>55 ) locations. A sma...

We obtain some methods to construct a (strongly) proper resolution (resp. coproper coresolution) of one end term in a short exact sequence from that of the other two terms. By using this method, we prove that for a left and right Noetherian ring R, RR satisfies the Auslander condition if and only if so does every flat left R-module, if and only if the injective dimension of the ith term in a mi...

Let R be a ring, M a right R-module, and n a fixed non-negative integer. M is called n-cotorsion if Extn+1 R N M = 0 for any flat right R-module N . M is said to be n-flat if ExtR M N = 0 for any n-cotorsion right R-module N . We prove that ( n n is a complete hereditary cotorsion theory, where n (resp. n) denotes the class of all n-flat (resp. n-cotorsion) right R-modules. Several applications...

It is proved that every commutative ring whose RD-injective modules are Σ-RD-injective is the product of a pure semi-simple ring and a finite ring. A complete characterization of commutative rings for which each artinian (respectively simple) module is RD-injective, is given. These results can be obtained by using the properties of RD-flat modules and RD-coflat modules which are respectively th...

background and objectives: pomegranate juice (pj) contains large particles that stick to evaporator walls causing off flavors in the concentrate due to burning. microfiltration is used to clarify pj. fouling is a limiting phenomenon that can prevent the industrialization of membrane clarification. changes in the geometry of the membrane module such as using baffles are useful to decrease this p...

Let R be a right GF -closed ring with finite left and right Gorenstein global dimension. We prove that if I is an ideal of R such that R/I is a semi-simple ring, then the Gorenstein flat dimension of R/I as a right R-module and the Gorenstein injective dimension of R/I as a left R-module are identical. In particular, we show that for a simple module S over a commutative Gorenstein ring R, the G...

We prove various extensions of the Local Flatness Criterion over a Noetherian local ring R with residue field k. For instance, if Ω is a complete R-module of finite projective dimension, then Ω is flat if and only if Torn (Ω, k) = 0 for all n = 1, . . . , depth(R). In low dimensions, we have the following criteria. If R is onedimensional and reduced, then Ω is flat if and only if Tor1 (Ω, k) = ...

Background and Objectives: Pomegranate juice (PJ) contains large particles that stick to evaporator walls causing off flavors in the concentrate due to burning. Microfiltration is used to clarify PJ. Fouling is a limiting phenomenon that can prevent the industrialization of membrane clarification. Changes in the geometry of the membrane module such as using baffles are useful to decrease this p...

The lamination of OPV modules to corrugated roof cladding has been undertaken. The 3-dimensional form of the cladding provides three advantages for outdoor OPV deployment; firstly the ‘footprint’ of the solar cell is reduced, which leads to B10% improved power conversion (PCE) efficiency per unit area. Secondly, the oblique angle performance is enhanced, leading to increased output in the early...