This paper looks at the use of recitals in the interpretation of EU legislation, and mechanisms for connecting them to normative provisions. The purposive approach to the interpretation of EU legislation taken by the European Court of Justice makes frequent references to recitals as helping to establish the purpose of normative provisions. Our research uses a cosine similarity based approach to...

from the very beginning of the attempts made to organize electronic commerce in international field, the most important subject has been classification of electronic commerce under any legal systems of the organization, i.e. gatt, gats, trips or a combination of the provisions of the gatt and gats. the hybrid and trips systems did not have the required capacity for the subject matter both theor...

abstract the theory of hardship is a situation in which the implementation of contractual obligation, as a result of unpredictable events that are out of control, becomes economically difficult and expensive without being physically impossible and distorts the balance of the contract. in such a situation, the hardship theory is applied to restore the balance of the contract. this matter has var...

The final publication is available at IOS Press through http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/AO-170174. This paper describes a new concept of legal ontology together with an ontology development tool, called European Legal Taxonomy Syllabus (ELTS). The tool is used to model the legal terminology created by the Uniform Terminology project on EU consumer protection law as an ontology. ELTS is not a formal o...

in most legal systems, service consumers, as the weaker party to the contract, are covered by protective provisions. due to the particular complexity of electronic funds transactions, consumers need further protection, which should be proportionate with the requirements of this type of transactions. in some countries, such as america, independent regulations have been ratified to protect consum...

The legal system of the European Union (EU) offers domestic actors a powerful tool to influence national policy. European law can be drawn on by private litigants in national courts to challenge national policies. These challenges can be sent by national judges to the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which instructs national courts to apply European law instead of national law, or to interpret ...