Compatriots revere soldiers for their willingness to put life on the line serving nation. They deserve be admired, given power endure hardships of battlegrounds. Experts say that war veterans often show signs traumatic disorders. It can seen in messages expressed social media by these individuals. In this research, we leveraged tweets gain insights into sentiments veterans. We examined elements...

Human languages are diverse and so precise statements of common properties must abstract away from specifics of particular languages. We note several abstract and absolute ‘Type 1’ universals and present some new ones built on a notion of ‘structural invariant’ that applies equally to constituent structure and individual grammatical morphemes. Crucially, these universals may be realized in stru...

Since the publication of Noam Chomsky’s field founding Syntactic Structures in 1957, generative grammarians have been formulating and studying the grammars of particular languages to extract from them what is general across languages. The idea is that properties which all languages have will give us some insight into the nature of mind. A widely acknowledged problem to which this work has led i...

Dialectometric techniques analyze linguistic variation quantitatively, allowing one to aggregate over what are frequently rebarbative geographic patterns of individual linguistic variants, such as which word is used for a particular concept in a language area, or which sounds are used in particular words. This leads to general formulations of the relation between linguistic variation and explan...

Juliana Bernhofer⇑, Francesco Costantini and Matija Kovacic⇑ Bernhofer is an honorary fellow (“cultrice della materia”) at the Ca’ Foscari University of Venice a researcher Free Bozen-Bolzano, Faculty Economics Management; associate professor in linguisticsat Udine, Department Humanities Cultural Heritage Studies. Kovacic (“cultore Ca’Foscari Venice, Economics, European Commission, Joint Resear...

Learning a new language also involves learning a broad system of norms for social relations.This study broadly showed how EFL learners’ speech act is conveyed from their nativecultures when they are communicating in English and demonstrated that there are somepossibilities of cross-cultural misunderstanding when interlocutors are engaged in the speechact of complimenting with native speakers of...

It is axiomatic that spoken language is highly variable, and that variability can be observed at nearly every level of linguistic structure, from the acoustic instantiation of speech sounds to the the information structure of long stretches of spoken discourse. Many of the chapters in this volume discuss empirical and theoretical studies of the production of linguistic structures. A challenge t...