This article analyzes the main objectives of the scientific voyage to circumnavigate the earth, undertaken by the United States from 1838 to 1842. Charting was one of the most important of the scientific and strategic goals of the exploratory voyage. The initiative for the undertaking was the search for exact positioning on the high seas after the establishment of the longitude system, when nau...

Biodiversity is the diversity of life at all scales, from genes to ecosystems. Predicting its patterns of variation across the globe is a fundamental issue in ecology and evolution. Diversity within species, that is, genetic diversity, is of prime importance for understanding past and present evolutionary patterns, and highlighting areas where conservation might be a priority. Using published d...

Long-distance animal migrants often navigate in ways that imply an awareness of both latitude and longitude. Although several species are known to use magnetic cues as a surrogate for latitude, it is not known how any animal perceives longitude. Magnetic parameters appear to be unpromising as longitudinal markers because they typically vary more in a north-south rather than an east-west directi...

Bushehr Bay is situated along the northern Iranian coasts of the Persian Gulf, between 28°52΄ and 29°5΄ north latitude and 50°42΄ and 50°52΄east longitude. In this study COHERENS, which is a threedimensional hydrodynamic model, was employed to simulate surface and under surface currents in the Bushehr Bay. The atmospheric forces and four main tidal constituents M2, S2, K1, O1 and also boundary ...

An analysis of 10 years of campaign Global Positioning System (GPS) data collected in periodic surveys of the Basin and Range shows that vertical velocity measurement is less precise than horizontal measurements by approximately a factor of 3, and less precise than velocities from continuous GPS sites by a factor of 3-4. To obtain this level of precision, a method for conservatively quantifying...

The geographic distribution of genetic variation reflects trends in past population migrations and can be used to make inferences about these migrations. It has been proposed that the east-west orientation of the Eurasian landmass facilitated the rapid spread of ancient technological innovations across Eurasia, while the north-south orientation of the Americas led to a slower diffusion of techn...

The influence of climatic and pollution gradients was determined on species richness, species diversity, and values of phytoindicators of the herb layer in pine and mixed pine forest communities in Poland. Geographical longitude was used as a synthetic measure of geographical position. Ellenberg’s indices were used as synthetic measures of habitat differentiation, calculated as weighed averages...