A method of estimating the annual energy requirements for a dairy herd in Queensland was developed from nutritional standards and observed correlations of liveweight and milk production obtained from farm survey data. Maintenance energy requirements were calculated from liveweight estimated from milk yield, and together with energy requirements for milk yield, and allowances for walking and liv...

in the process of milk production, the highest cost relates to animal feed. based on reports provided by the experts, around seventy percent of dairy livestock costs included feed costs. in order to minimize the total price of livestock feed, according to the limits of feed sources in each region or season, and also the transportation and maintenance costs and ultimately milk price reduction, o...

In the process of milk production, the highest cost relates to animal feed. Based on reports provided by the experts, around seventy percent of dairy livestock costs included feed costs. In order to minimize the total price of livestock feed, according to the limits of feed sources in each region or season, and also the transportation and maintenance costs and ultimately milk price reduction, o...

A twoto four-fold increase in corn prices in recent years over historical trends has prompted many questions about alternatives to corn for dairy rations. As corn is a low protein high energy feedstuff, its continued use even with high prices or concern over its partial replacement is mainly confined to rations for lactating cows where meeting the energy requirements of milk production is impor...

The paper analyses the costs of production roughage and nutritive fodder fattening HF Limousine crossbreds feeder cattle. growing for cattle were calculated per one hectare. cost producing tonne feed was determined based on farm’s mean crop yield. calculation included maintenance, including feeding 14 animals over 22 months. kept untethered in stalls with deep litter from body weight 36.86 kg t...

In the classical theory of protein metabolism proposed by Folin (1) two types of protein metabolism are recognized, one a constant or endogenous metabolism, and the other a variable or exogenous metabolism. According to this theory the endogenous metabolism is represented by the excretion of creatinine at a relatively constant rate which is independent of protein intake. More recently, as point...

Phenotypic flexibility is critical in determining fitness. As conditions change during ontogeny, continued responsiveness is necessary to meet the demands of the environment. Studies have shown that subsequent ontogenetic periods of development can interact with one another and shape developmental outcomes. The role genetic variation within populations plays in shaping these outcomes remains un...

This study aimed to compare local dairy farmer ration formula with national research council in producing higher feed efficiency and milk production. This study had two stages. The first stage was in vitro study of dairy farmer rations which have different raw materials (R3, R4, and R5) with NRC based ration (R2) and Demo Farm ration (R1). The variables measured in this stage were proximate com...