this paper deals with an essential problem which the modern western thinker faced with and tried to find a solution for that in the benefit of modern humanity. this problem is human reason and his free mind. the author tries here to go back to zarathrustrian concept of mind and bring forth some fresh reflections in a comparative way. this will let him to evaluate in the main the view that argue...

By the 1960s many (perhaps most) philosophers had adopted ‘physicalism’ ─ the view that physical causes fully account for mental activities. However, controversy persists about what count as ‘physical causes’. ‘Reductive’ physicalists recognize only microphysical (elementary-particle-level) causality. Many (perhaps most) physicalists are ‘non-reductive’ ─ they hold that entities considered by o...

By the 1960s most philosophers had adopted ‘physicalism’ ─ the view that physical causes fully account for mental activities. However, controversy persists about what count as ‘physical causes.’ ‘Reductive’ physicalists recognize only microphysical (elementary-particle-level) causality. Many (perhaps most) physicalists are ‘non-reductive’ ─ they hold that entities considered by other (‘special’...

Philosophy of Mind Philosophy of mind is the branch of metaphysics that studies the basic nature and capacities of the mind. The primary issue of philosophy of mind is the “mind-body problem,” described in Anthony Flew's A Dictionary of Philosophy as the “problem of how the mind is related to the body, and of what properties, functions, and occurrences should be regarded as, respectively, menta...

“The mind” can be defined as a range of functions created from sensory experience that are paired with our representation systems reflected through our behavior. These representation systems (visual, auditory and kinesthetic modalities) are foundations for how effective choices and belief systems are generated through sensory derived processes; how decisionmaking and learning strategies are con...

Many computational modeling approaches of the mind seem to be characterized by an implicit strong physicalism, which frequently leads to confusion in philosophy of AI. This work aims at pointing out some fundamental aspects of this problem, both with respect to the relation between epistemological computationalism and physical realization, and the view of symbol manipulation as constrained comp...

1. All duties are either duties of right, that is, juridical duties (officia juris), or duties of virtue, that is, ethical duties (officia virtutis s. ethica). Juridical duties are such as may be promulgated by external legislation; ethical duties are those for which such legislation is not possible. The reason why the latter cannot be properly made the subject of external legislation is becaus...

The absence of a common understanding of attention plagues current research on the topic. Combining the findings from three domains of research on attention, this paper presents a univocal account that fits normal use of the term as well as its many associated phenomena: attention is a process of mental selection that is within the control of the subject. The role of the subject is often exclud...