The increase in fossil fuel prices has resulted in growing utilization of renewable energy sources in power systems. Wind energy as an economical source of energy has experienced the fastest growth among other energy sources. Traditionally, renewable energy sources as a result of their random nature have not been considered in the process of generation expansion planning. The increase in fossil...

In recent years, due to the economical advantages, environmental friendly attribute and renewable generation cycle, the renewable power sources have gained a great attention as a main alternative to traditional power resources. However, as a main deficiency, a renewable power system has low reliability, because of the stochastic and the un-deterministic generation pattern of these resources. In...

any change in the refractive index of a laser active medium can lead to serious degradation of beam quality, laser beam modes, laser performance and variation in the intensity distribution. alteration in the refractive index of laser active medium is especially notable in high power lasers. it is clear that in the laser beam production, the pumping agent induces a great amount of heat which...

In conventional power systems, frequency and voltage deviations are chosen as indexes for characterizing conventional power system security. While  in an autonomous micro grid with Electronically Interfaced Distributed Generation (EIDG), frequency and voltage deviations  against power and loads disturbances perfectly controlled by f-P and V-Q controller. Unlike conventional power syst...

Abstract: Deploying Distributed Generation (DG) units has increased due to yearly increase of electric energy demand and technological advancements beyond Smart Grid. Although, DGs offer several advantages such as reducing economic costs and environmental impacts, the operation of these units in power systems creates several problems. In this paper, optimal allocation and sizing of DG units in ...