Australian surrogacy legislation punishes the pursuit of a commercial surrogacy arrangement as a criminal offence. Such legislation was first introduced in Victoria in 1986 and has since been applied in every Australian jurisdiction except for the Northern Territory. The current application of criminal law is based upon this 1980s policy which has never been subject to public debate. This artic...

Drug enforcement policies that deter women from seeking prenatal care are contrary to the welfare of the mother and fetus. Incarceration and the threat of incarceration have proved to be ineffective in reducing the incidence of alcohol or drug abuse. Obstetrician–gynecologists should be aware of the reporting requirements related to alcohol and drug abuse within their states. They are encourage...

Cross-culturally, participants in public goods games reward participants and punish defectors to a degree beyond that warranted by rational, profit-maximizing considerations. Costly punishment, where individuals impose costs on defectors at a cost to themselves, is thought to promote the maintenance of cooperation. However, despite substantial variation in the extent to which people punish, lit...

We extend the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), an asymptotic approximation for the marginal likelihood, to Bayesian networks with hidden variables. This approximation can be used to select models given large samples of data. The standard BIC as well as our extension punishes the complexity of a model according to the dimension of its parameters. We argue that the dimension of a Bayesian ne...

Product strategy is extremely critical to high-tech companies. The market continuously evaluates and rewards or punishes competitors based primarily on the success or failure of their products. Because of the dynamic nature of high-tech markets, product strategy becomes even more critical than in other industries. This strategy cannot be static, but must be constantly adapting to the changes in...

Discipline is the modulation of human behavior for desired performance. It encourages employees to conform established norms performance and observe organizational values standards behavior. Work discipline key a company's success in achieving its goals, as it adherence rules organization related absence, quality work, quantity knowledge so forth procedure that corrects or punishes subordinate ...