This paper examines the long-run impact of ordinal rank during primary school on productivity using comprehensive English administrative data. Identification is obtained from variation in test score distributions across cohorts and subjects, such that the same score relative to the school mean can have different ranks. Conditional on cardinal measures of achievement, being ranked highly during ...

The scientific study of music blossomed in the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly in Germany and Austria. Researchers such as Hermann von Helmholtz and Carl Stumpf investigated the physiological and psychological bases of music but did not focus on higher-level musical topics. It was not until the early twentieth century that scientific methods were applied to the study of larg...

This text aims to unite two neglected areas of study in Colombian medical historiography: disfiguring disease and the concept of climate. It seeks to show how physicians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Colombia associate a clinical semiology of disfiguring disease with the influence of certain climatic and hereditary conditions. Characterizing disfiguring disease associa...

We introduce the 2-dimensional square Fibonacci tiling and its generalization to higher dimensions as models for quasicrystals without ‘forbidden’ symmetries. We derive some of the basic mathematical properties of the tiling as well as calculate its diffraction pattern. We discuss the relevance of the Fibonacci tiling for quasicrystal research and for applications in other fields.  2002 Elsevi...

Rudolf Carl Virchow lived in nineteenth century Prussia, now Germany, and proposed that omnis cellula e cellula, which translates to each cell comes from another cell, and which became a fundamental concept for cell theory. He helped found two fields, cellular pathology and comparative pathology, and he contributed to many others. Ultimately Virchow argued that disease is caused by changes in n...

OBERT MALTHUS is exemplary in presenting a basic pessimism in his assessment of the prospects of the labouring poor— a pessimism about the long-term growth possibilities of an essentially organic, agrarian economy that he shares with his fellow classical economists writing in the second half of the eighteenth, and the early nineteenth, centuries. 2 He is, of course, well known for identifying w...

SCIENCE CONTINUES It was no just in relationship to commerce, industry and social welfare, however, that the great scientific achievements of the nineteenth century had an impact. By this time the perspectives of the Enlightenment had so affected both philosophy and science that the climate was more favorable than ever for asking totally new kinds of questions and for challenging old assumption...

35 The earliest mention of anesthesia, the use of medication to relieve pain, is found in the Bible in the story of Creation. During the creation of man and woman in Genesis, the procedure for creating woman was described as follows. “And the Lord God caused a deep sleep (tardaymah) to fall upon man, and he slept, and He took one of his sides, and He closed the flesh in its place. And the Lord ...

Hilbert's third problem: brief reminder. It is known that in a plane, every two polygons P and P ′ of equal area A(P ) = A(P ′) are scissors congruent (equidecomposable) – i.e., they can be both decomposed into the same nite number of pair-wise congruent polygonal pieces: P = P1 ∪ . . . ∪ Pp, P ′ = P ′ 1 ∪ . . . ∪ P ′ p, and Pi ∼ P ′ i . In one of the 23 problems that D. Hilbert formulated in 1...

Conrad’s acclaimed works from his middle period have been thoroughly studied from several perspectives including postcolonialism whereas the novels from his early period were overlooked due to their so-called“uneven” quality. The most notable works among Conrad’s early novels are hisLingard Trilogy- three of his early novels which are based on the recurring presence of the Captain Tom Lingard, ...