نتایج جستجو برای: uncertainty in its spatial distribution and radiative forcing

تعداد نتایج: 21836296  

Journal: :Geophysical Research Letters 2021

Abstract Uncertainty in preindustrial aerosol emissions, including fires, is one of the largest sources uncertainty estimating anthropogenic radiative forcing. Here, we quantify range forcing associated with location and magnitude fire emissions a climate model based on four emission estimates. With varied among estimates, find change from present‐day to between −0.4 0.3 W/m 2 for direct −1.8 0...

پایان نامه :دانشگاه تربیت معلم - تهران - دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 1391

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

Journal: :فیزیک زمین و فضا 0
فرنوش عطایی موسسه ژئوفیزیک پرویز ایران نژاد هیئت علمی موسسه ژئوفیزیک مجید مزرعه فراهانی موسسه ژئوفیزیک امید علیزاده چوبری موسسه ژئوفیزیک

mineral dust is produced from both natural and anthropogenic sources. dust aerosols can be transported over long distances in the atmosphere. they reduce the incident shortwave radiation to the surface by absorbing and scattering the solar radiation; thereby leading to a cooling effect at the surface and lower tropospheric temperature. on the other hand, by absorption and re-emission of longwav...

Journal: :Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010
Bernd Kärcher Ulrike Burkhardt Michael Ponater Christine Frömming

Estimates of the global radiative forcing by line-shaped contrails differ mainly due to the large uncertainty in contrail optical depth. Most contrails are optically thin so that their radiative forcing is roughly proportional to their optical depth and increases with contrail coverage. In recent assessments, the best estimate of mean contrail radiative forcing was significantly reduced, becaus...

پایان نامه :وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری - دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی 1389

armenias geopolitics and its historical experience have had a determining impact on the character of its foreign policy .present-day armenia is a small, landlocked country with _11,620 square miles area armenias landlocked nature makes it dependent on the benevolence of its neighbors for access to the outside world a fact that gives it a sense of isolation and vulnerability. as it was indic...

2006
Rafaella-Eleni P. Sotiropoulou Athanasios Nenes Peter J. Adams John H. Seinfeld

In-situ observations of aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and the GISS GCM Model II’ with an online aerosol simulation and explicit aerosol-cloud interactions are used to quantify the uncertainty in radiative forcing and autoconversion rate from application of Köhler theory. Simulations suggest that application of Köhler theory introduces a 10-20% uncertainty in global average indirec...

پایان نامه :وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری - دانشگاه شاهد - دانشکده هنر 1391

now-a-days graphic design plays a major role in influencing culture, society, business, and customers, in such a way that one could look upon every individual as a potential customer. graphic designers seek to identify customers needs and find an intelligent solution for them. correct identification and understanding of those needs is the first step towards achieving ones goals. marketing knowh...

2013
G. E. Thomas N. Chalmers B. Harris R. G. Grainger

Using the GlobAEROSOL-AATSR dataset, estimates of the instantaneous, clear-sky, direct aerosol radiative effect and radiative forcing have been produced for the year 2006. Aerosol Robotic Network sun-photometer measurements have been used to characterise the random and systematic error in the GlobAEROSOL product for 22 regions covering the globe. Representative aerosol properties for each regio...

پایان نامه :دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی - دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 1389

abstract abstract of thesis (includes summary, goals, execution methods, and results) story “al-obnosat al-bayza” is one of the short stories from “hanna mineh” collection. this story is a selection of lives of some humans during a voyage together, each of them is a symbol of human nature (love, mind, kindness) and examine social, cultural, and political aspects of governing system, and it...

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