Only recently, within a few decades, have we realized that humanity significantly influences the global environment. In the early 1980s, atmospheric measurements confirmed basic concepts developed a decade earlier. These basic concepts showed that human activities were affecting the ozone layer. Later measurements and theoretical analyses have clearly connected observed changes in ozone to huma...

the iranians’ understanding of the political concepts posed in mashruteh (constitutional) period is a challenging issue which can help us better study iran’s constitutional revolution and the grounds for its failure. right and law are two modern political concepts which entered into this period as part of people’s claims. the iranians’ image of the said concepts is the basic issue discussed in ...

the increasing number of hazards related to water shortage in different parts of the world and the probability of socio-economic crisis, social stresses and even war occurrence as water shortage impacts; shows that water supply challenges will be more important and widespread than energy supply challenges in future decades. during the time, with population growth, resource demand increase and p...