The Village Government controls the existence of natural resources and human in Village. A safe, comfortable well-cultured environment is dream every child fulfillment children's rights. So it appropriate for village to provide proper facilities infrastructure lives. necessary have a child-friendly village. expected targets include: 1. establishment can be implemented 2. There intensive communi...

Much of the spread of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) as an emerging family of approaches and methods has been lateral, South-South, through experiential learning and changes in behavior, with different local applications. Rapid spread has made quality assurance a concern, with dangers from “instant fashion”, rushing, formalism and ruts. Promising potentials include farmers’ own farming sys...

This paper proposes the concept of Co-Habited Mixed Reality, and argues how it serves as a basis for large-scale social interaction systems and communityware. The technology that it implies is aimed at focusing a large potential for interaction such that eeectiveness of participation to large scale events is enhanced. We illustrate the idea with scenarios from an ongoing project (COMRIS: co-hab...

Although maximal localization is a basic notion in the consideration of phase-space representations of fields, it has not yet been pursued for general wave fields. We develop measures of spatial and directional spreads for nonparaxial waves in free space. These measures are invariant under translation and rotation and are shown to reduce to the conventional ones when applied to paraxial fields....

BACKGROUND This article reports on the experiences of teachers as coresearchers in a long-term partnership with university researchers, who participated in an asset-based intervention project known as Supportive Teachers, Assets and Resilience (STAR). In an attempt to inform participatory research methodology, the study investigated how coresearchers (teachers) experienced power relations. We u...

BACKGROUND Harmful alcohol use has been linked to the spread of HIV in Kenya. It also adversely affects those on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment through poor compliance. This study using participatory research and action (PRA) methods sought to understand factors related to alcohol abuse and non-adherence and to formulate appropriate interventions in a sample of people living with HIV and AIDS (...