materials and methods in the present study, authors have attempted to state the life and time of jorjani and his views by studying the history, old medical sources, and other provided recent medical literature in these fields. results the biography of hakim jorjani has been well reviewed and described precisely. conclusions based on our findings, it is clear that jorjani described and explained...

Just War Theory can be found in almost all major cultures. But since war was a business that could not be easily stopped, some aimed to constrain it. In its classic form, Just War Theory has been around for several centuries—ever since nationhood in Europe replaced provincial governments. Having made some introductory considerations, I will ask: should Just War Theory be left as it is, changed,...

Eye care in Hawai'i has changed dramatically since 1778. The ancient Hawaiians lacked any optical aids and had only the most primitive methods of treatment for their visual problems. During the next 200 years, Island residents benefited from a succession of technical innovations and new professional skills, all introduced from abroad: spectacles, optometry, ophthalmology, contact lenses, cornea...

Probably the most important scientific breakthrough of the last quarter of the previous century was related to tremendous progress in cosmology. From a poor relative of distinguished family of fundamental science characterized by the words prescribed to L. Landau: “always in error but never in doubt”, cosmology turned, or is turning, into an exact science and possibly the most interesting one. ...

the history of islam has abounded with different kinds of fetna (literary, sedition) and experienced the diverse seditious movements for many centuries. in nahjulbalagha, imam ali (pbuh) tried to shed light on the dark sides of fetna and its kinds. in the present paper, imam ali’s clear-cut description and the close illustration of fetna, its formation and consequences, and imam ali’s solutions...