Cocaine was considered incapable of producing dependence in 1980 but was proclaimed the "drug of greatest national public health concern" by 1984. Clinical consensus in 1980 held that cocaine did not produce a withdrawal syndrome, but recent clinical investigations demonstrate that cocaine produces unique abuse and withdrawal patterns that differ from other major abused drugs. Evolving pre-clin...

Transient surges of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens are associated with drug seeking. Using a voltammetric sensor with high temporal and spatial resolution, we demonstrate differences in the temporal profile of dopamine concentration transients caused by acute doses of nicotine, ethanol, and cocaine in the nucleus accumbens shell of freely moving rats. Despite differential release dynamics, a...

Among the different classes of banned substances, stimulants represent the second largest class of use in sports. The article focuses on the description of the four mainly abused stimulants: caffeine, ephedrine, amphetamines and cocaine, their pharmacological structure and mechanisms of action, their effects and consequences on athletic performance. As athletes represent role models for healthy...

conclusions child abuse is a common phenomenon that relates to psychiatric disorders in the abused child or abuser parents. it seems that on-time identification and appropriate interventions can prevent further negative consequences for the child, family, and society. results 56 cases (76%) were physically abused, 53 cases (72.6%) were emotionally abused, and 3 cases (12.3%) were neglected. the...

Although controversy exists about the validity of memories of childhood abuse, little is known about memory function in individuals reporting childhood abuse. This study assessed memories for previously presented words, including the capacity for false memory of critical lures not actually present in the word list, in 63 subjects, including abused women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)...

This study compared characteristics of abused and nonabused children's conceptions about personal body safety. A projective type vignette describing a personal body safety violation was read to 25 abused children entering a treatment program in eastern Washington and 25 nonabused children matched on sex, age, and grade in school. The children were asked questions about the vignette incident, an...

OBJECTIVE There were two main aims: first, to illuminate the difference between abused children's general popularity with classmates and success in close friendships; second, to examine the specific interactional qualities of abused children's friendships and their links to loneliness. METHOD Thirty-five severely abused children and 43 matched, nonabused children were compared on peer-rated s...

Anesthetic and anti-epileptic drugs used in pediatric and obstetric medicine and several drugs, including alcohol, that are abused by pregnant women, trigger widespread neuroapoptosis in the developing brain of several animal species, including non-human primates. Caffeine (CAF) is often administered to premature infants to stimulate respiration, and these infants are also exposed simultaneousl...