BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a financial burden on patients and their households. This descriptive study measures the prevalence of economic hardship and out-of-pocket costs in an Australian CKD population. METHODS A cross-sectional study of patients receiving care for CKD (stage III-V) in Western Sydney, Australia using a structured questionnaire. Data collection occurred be...

according to world statistics the highest percentage of tourists are belong to urban ecotourism and this percentage is increasing steadily. therefore, the urban ecotourism has very high potential in attracting of tourists as well as in producing of financial resources and job opportunities. many cities of iran including tehran are benefiting very diverse climatic conditions and so many places t...

Most studies of the determinants of cultural capital have used taste or participation as interchangeable indicators of embodied cultural capital. In this article, we propose to treat the two concepts separately. Specifically, we argue that participation is constrained to a larger degree by financial resources than by tastes and to a lesser degree by cultural resources (parental cultural capital...

Any evaluation of China’s financial system and its prospects must concentrate on its contribution to China’s economic growth and to related solutions to a range of domestic economic goals. The evolution of China’s financial system, in all its various dimensions, is in midstream, with its many market and non-market aspects reforming simultaneously. Its hybrid nature, with aspects considered by f...

abstract human development and the importance of focusing on women’s participation has become one of the main concerns and issues attracting the attention of many people. in fact, many gender-related models and patterns have been proposed in this regard. accordingly, this paper is an attempt to evaluate the effects of development process on women’s participation in iran using an econometrics m...

purpose:  the paper aims to focus on south africa’s poor economic performance and the regular downgrades of the country’s economic and financial rating by international rating agencies. it attempts to show that these continuous downgrades are a recipe for economic and financial disaster in the long – run; that the continuance of this phenomenon will stymie the implementation of the national dev...

Consequences of HIV and AIDS are exponential in Kenya, touching not only the health of those infected, but also depleting socioeconomic resources of entire families. Access to financial services is one of the important ways to protect and build economic resources. Unfortunately, the norm of financial viability discourages microfinance institutions from targeting people severely impacted by HIV ...