The development of multimedia technologies has resulted in production and distribution of various types of animated maps, in which users can easily recognize movements or changes of map components over time and space. Animated maps are fundamentally different from static maps not only in terms of the characteristics of phenomena represented, but also the perceptual-cognitive aspects of visual s...

We present an approach to modeling human interpretation of (real) geographic maps. While in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) the limitations for describing geographic knowledge mainly stem from the limitations of this knowledge itself, paper maps pose additional constraints on the representation of spatial configurations. We examine maps as representation media with respect to cartographic ...

Causation plays a critical role in many predictive and inference tasks. Bayesian networks (BNs) have been used to construct inference systems for diagnostics and decision making. More recently, fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) have gained considerable attention and offer an alternative framework for representing structured human knowledge and causal inference. In this paper I briefly introduce Bayes...

I shall devote the body of this paper to a description of experiments with rats. But I shall also attempt in a few words at the close to indicate the significance of these findings on rats for the clinical behavior of men. Most of the rat investigations, which I shall report, were carried out in the Berkeley laboratory. But I shall also include, occasionally, accounts of the behavior of non-Ber...

In graphics and language, schematization is an important method to emphasize certain aspects and to deemphasize others. Different disciplines use schematization for different reasons. In cartography, graphic schematization is one aspect of map generalization. In contrast, cognitive science addresses schematization as a method to intentionally emphasize certain aspects of knowledge beyond techni...

Turbulent changes and competitive pressures have forced organizations to constantly change. Business process redesign Ž . BPR has been widely adopted as an organizational change method in the 1990s. Although BPR projects provide the possibility of dramatic performance improvement, many organizations have encountered serious problems due to the lack of commitment to such projects and the difficu...

Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) are a very convenient, simple, and powerful tool for simulation and analysis of dynamic systems. They were originally developed in 1980 by Kosko, and since then successfully applied to numerous domains, such as engineering, medicine, control, and political affairs. Their popularity stems from simplicity and transparency of the underlying model.At the same time FCMs a...

Map-like representations are frequently invoked as an alternative type of representational vehicle to a language of thought. This view presupposes that map-systems and languages form legitimate natural kinds of cognitive representational systems. I argue that they do not, because the collections of features that might be taken as characteristic of maps or languages do not themselves provide sci...

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