Frequency estimation of social facts in two methods of judgment elicitation was investigated. In the “narrow-range” condition, subjects answered questions in the format: “Out of 100 incidents, how many belong to category X?” In the “wide-range” condition, the frequency for the same event was assessed with respect to “Out of 10,000.” Judged frequencies in the wide-range condition were divided by...

We analyze the minimum achievable mean-square error in frequencymodulated continuous-wave (FMCW) range estimation of a single stationary target when photon counting detectors are employed. Starting from the probability density function for the photon arrival times, we derive the Cram ́er-Rao bound (CRB) and highlight three important regimes: the dark-noise-dominated regime wherein the CRB improv...

the s-transform has widely been used in the analysis of non-stationary time series. a simple method to obtain depth estimates of gravity field sources is introduced in this study. we have developed a new method based on the spectral characteristics of downward continuation to estimate depth of structures. this calculation procedure is based on replacement of the fourier transform with the s-tra...

In the paper, the class of discrete linear systems is enlarged with the inclusion of discrete-time fractional linear systems. These are systems described by fractional difference equations and fractional frequency responses. It is shown how io compute the impulse response and transfer function. Fractal signals are introduced as output of special linear systems: fractional differaccumulators, sy...

To elucidate physical processes responsible for the response of U.S. surface temperatures to El Niño– Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the surface energy balance is diagnosed from observations, with emphasis on the role of clouds, water vapor, and land surface properties associated with snow cover and soil moisture. Results for the winter season (December–February) indicate that U.S. surface temper...

The problem of estimating multiple time delays in presence of colored noise is considered in this paper. This problem is first converted to a high-resolution frequency estimation problem. Then, the sample lagged covariance matrices of the resulting signal are computed and studied in terms of their eigenstructure. These matrices are shown to be as effective in extracting bases for the signal and...