This paper reports some of the more frequent language changes in Panjabi, the Ž rst language of bilingual Panjabi=English children in the West Midlands, UK. Spontaneous spoken data were collected in schools across both languages in three formatted elicitation procedures from 50 bilingual Panjabi=English-speaking children, aged 6–7 years old. Panjabi data from the children is analysed for lexica...

This action research examines the concept of Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in a second language acquisition context. The researcher investigated the contributors of WTC in a foreign language classroom setting. Therefore, a multiple assignments method and sequence was applied. Participants of this study were students who matriculated in a United States (U.S.) undergraduate program, studying G...

Second-language learners rarely arrive at native proficiency in a number of linguistic domains, including morphological and syntactic processing. Previous approaches to understanding the different outcomes of first- versus second-language learning have focused on cognitive and neural factors. In contrast, we explore the possibility that children and adults may rely on different linguistic units...

Recently a number of quasi-experimental studies have investigated the potential of a crossmodality transfer of second language competency between real-time, conversational exchange via text and speech (Abrams, 2003; Beauvious, 1998; Kost, 2004; Payne & Whitney, 2002). Payne and Whitney employed Levelt's (1989) model of language production and concepts from working memory as a rationale for a hy...

Foreign language enjoyment and speaking anxiety in the classroom are two potential emotion-inducing factors for foreign language learning. This sequential mixed methods study investigated whether and to what extent Iranian EFL students experienced foreign language enjoyment and public speaking anxiety in their English classrooms, and how they characterize the sources of the enjoyment and speaki...

Fake news is a threat to society. A huge amount of fake posted every day on social networks which read, believed and sometimes shared by number users. On the other hand, with aim raise awareness, some users share posts that debunk using information from fact-checking websites. In this paper, we are interested in exploring role various psycholinguistic characteristics differentiating between ten...

Olfaction was poignantly dubbed the ‘mute sense’ by Diane Ackerman [ 1. D. A Natural History of Senses. Vintage Books, 1990 Google Scholar ], and it is regularly claimed that modern ancient languages lack resources to communicate about smells 2. Bradley M. Smell Ancient Routledge, 2015 ]. In a recent article 3. Majid A. Human olfaction at intersection language, culture, biology. Trends Cogn. Sc...