This paper investigates the relationship between firm productivity and four different board characteristics, including board size, board composition, board ownership and board leadership. Using total factor productivity (TFP) as a measure for productivity, we find an inverse association between board size and productivity and a positive relationship between board composition and productivity in...

nowadays, in addition to implement the quality of management systems and environment management and due to the effects of safety and health issues on working processes, the organizations have also sought to acquire health and safety management systems. this descriptive–analytic and past reviewing study has been implemented based on five years (from 2006 to 2010) recorded documents and statistic...

abstract- as the world's population has grown and become more urban and affluent, waste production has raised drastically. wastewater reuse has been identified as a way to alleviate water scarcity and improve crop productivity and environmental sustainability. to address the issue, a soil column experiment was carried out in a 3 × 3 factorial randomized block design including three treatments o...

[1] The patterns and drivers of phytoplankton primary productivity in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) were examined on 16 cruises conducted 3 times each year from 2001 to 2006. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis revealed 3 modes of variability that explained 89% of the variance in the productivity data set. The first mode, strongest during spring, describes seasonal productivity chang...

According to the firm life cycle theory, companies go through certain behavioral patterns in various stages of their life. A thorough understanding and recognition of these behavioral patterns, new investment in assets and the optimal use of assets can considerably enhance the capital productivity. In the current study, the relationship between the stages of firm life cycle and capital producti...

shift changes and heterogeneity analyses of hydro-climatic variables is very important in water resources planning and management. in order to shift changes and heterogeneity analyses of tmin and tmax, precipitation and discharge, 2, 7 and 7 stations was used over the 40 years (1972-2011), respectively. the results of annual tmin and tmax series showed that both of two stations had the signific...

Assessing potential future changes in arctic and boreal plant species productivity, ecosystem composition, and canopy complexity is essential for understanding environmental responses under expected altered climate forcing. We examined potential changes in the dominant plant functional types (PFTs) of the sedge tundra, shrub tundra, and boreal forest ecosystems in ecotonal northern Alaska, USA,...

background: the optimization of bioprocess conditions towards improved growth profile and productivity yield is considered of great importance in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. peptones as efficient sources of nutrients have been studied for their effect on media development however, their role on metabolic pathway is not well understood. methods: in the present study, the effect of different...

The size of international software industry is over $1000bn. Total revenue earned by the Indian software industry in year 2005 was $30bn and which is expected to grow. The price quoted by vendors to its customers and the rate of the customer service is dependent on the productivity of the project. Given the fact that software development complexity is on an ever-increasing curve, it becomes cri...