The nervous and vascular systems are widely distributed in the skeletal system play an important role bone metabolism formation, respectively. Their independent impact on has received keen attention bone-related research over decade. However, mechanism of neurovascular coupling during physiological remodeling regeneration recently been highlighted, considering importance spatial relationships b...

Abstract Purpose: Skeletal staining is a way to study the effect of many chemical or herbal substances on development of bones and cartilages in order to record the level of probable deformity.This article aimed to present a modified protocol to make all skeletal studies on laboratory animals possible. Materials and Methods: The important notes about skeletal staining were fixing by ethan...

Pterosaurs, enigmatic extinct Mesozoic reptiles, were the first vertebrates to achieve true flapping flight. Various lines of evidence provide strong support for highly efficient wing design, control, and flight capabilities. However, little is known of the pulmonary system that powered flight in pterosaurs. We investigated the structure and function of the pterosaurian breathing apparatus thro...

HIGHLIGHTS The proprioceptive system provides a sense of body awareness and detects controls force pressure. Menstruation is the regular, orderly shedding uterine wall, in response to interactions hormones produced by hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries. Estrogen steroid hormone involved female reproductive organs, as well numerous other biological systems including neuroendocrine, vascular, skele...

This review will highlight evidence from crew members flown on space missions >90 days to suggest that the adaptations of the skeletal system to mechanical unloading may predispose crew members to an accelerated onset of osteoporosis after return to Earth. By definition, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder − characterized by low bone mineral density and structural deterioration − that reduces t...

Recent advances in molecular biology have greatly helped in understanding the mechanisms involved in normal skeletal morphogenesis. Multiple genes involved in normal skeletal development have been identified, but several others still await discovery. Mutations in these genes are often responsible for the congenital skeletal malformations that we see in the orthopedic clinics. In this overview w...