This paper presents a rule-based energy management strategy for a plug-in hybrid school bus (PHSB). In order to verify the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed energy management strategy, the powertrain and control models were built with MATLAB/Simulink. The PHSB powertrain model includes an engine model, ISG (integrated started and generator) model, drive motor model, power battery pa...

the effects of different climatic, soil, geometric, and management factors on soil organic carbon (soc) degradation and sequestration potential was evaluated in the semi-arid zone of mereg watershed, west of iran. two nonparametric methods, viz. classification and regression tree (cart) and feed forward back propagation artificial neural network (ann) were compared with parametric multivariate ...

In response to the need of reducing fossil fuel dependence and environmental impacts for ground transportation, electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are being intensively researched they have placed on forefront as alternative vehicles. The state charge (SOC) is one most important states LIBs that monitored online. However, model-based method estimation requires an ac...

The optimization of batteries has increased in EV and HEV applications out which Li-ion are widely used for green technology as an energy storage system due to its high power density. In electric vehicle applications, drawbacks observed during charging interval time on the system. such situations, multi-state is considered be ideal solution. This paper tells us about state lithium-ion battery c...

In this paper, a combined method is proposed to improve the accuracy of an electrical equivalent circuit model (EECM) and state-of-charge (SOC) estimation in situations where lithium-ion battery frequently charged discharged. To calculate terminal voltage dynamic region, charging discharging are repeated at 0.1 s intervals, specific region determined historical weight selected, based on amount ...

High power lithium ion batteries are increasingly used in power tools, hybrid electric vehicles and military applications, as a transient power source capable of delivering instant energy, around a relatively fixed state of charge (SOC). Maintaining the battery within pre-specified limits for SOC is important, since lithium ion batteries are prone to safety and/or performance issues during over...

Avalanches, or Avalanche-like, events are often observed in the dynamical behaviour of many complex systems which span from solar flaring to the Earth’s crust dynamics and from traffic flows to financial markets. Self-organized criticality (SOC) is one of the most popular theories able to explain this intermittent charge/discharge behaviour. Despite a large amount of theoretical work, empirical...

State of Charge (SoC) estimation is one of the most significant and difficult techniques to promote the commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs). Suffering from various interference in vehicle driving environment and model uncertainties due to the strong time-variant property and inconsistency of batteries, the existing typical SoC estimators such as coulomb counting and extended Kalman fil...

This paper presents a method for module level State-Of-Charge (SOC) balancing and fault tolerant operation of the Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter based battery energy storage system for electric vehicle (EV) application. The proposed methods are based on the multi-dimensional PWM (MDPWM) strategy. It is shown that the proposed methods are conveniently integrated with the PWM generation algori...