in this article, we evaluated 17 iranian soldiers who were exposed to mustard gas utilized by the iraqi forces in the war fronts. their clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory tests, and other parameters were carefully assessed, an attempt was made to identify a finding of prognostic significance, and patients who recovered from the acute phase were followed to determine possible long-term effe...

Most students in Japan experience a wide range of language tests in their ten-year long language-learning career. These include tests in different situations, starting with classroom tests which range from short vocabulary tests to long end of term tests. Secondly there are university entrance exams, where the stakes are high. Finally there are optional proficiency tests such as the eiken grade...

We express conditions for a term to be a nite grid-like structure. Together with deenitions of term properties by excluding \forbid-den patterns" we obtain three new undecidability results in three areas: the 9 8-fragment of the theory of one-step rewriting for linear and shallow rewrite systems, the emptiness for automata with equality tests between rst cousins (i.e. only tests at depth 2 belo...

Recent studies suggest that because of their energy value, sugars are more rewarding than non-caloric sweeteners. However, intragastric infusion data indicate that sugars differ in their postoral appetite-stimulating effects. We therefore compared the preference for isocaloric 8% sucrose, glucose, and fructose solutions with that of a non-caloric sweetener solution (0.8% sucralose) in C57BL/6J ...

objective(s): there is controversial evidence about the effect of methamphetamine (meth) on spatial memory. we tested the time- dependent effects of meth on spatial short-term (working) and long-term (reference) memory in meth –sensitized and withdrawn rats in the morris water maze. materials and methods: rats were sensitized to meth (2 mg/kg, daily/5 days, sc). rats were trained in water maze ...

Older adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) may also have preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Differential diagnosis is quite challenging due to the overlapping symptoms of MDD and AD. In the current study, we predicted that impaired long-term memory (an area most affected in early AD), but not executive function (an area affected in MDD and AD), would distinguish older depressed patien...

Background Over the last decade there has been an increase in healthcare expenditures while at the same time the inequity in distribution of resources has grown. These two issues have urged the researchers to review the determinants of healthcare expenditures. In this study, we surveyed the determinants of health expenditures in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) countries.   Methods We us...