In this paper we will investigate the “Ought implies Can” (OIC) thesis. We will concentrate on explanations and interpretations of OIC, clarifying its uses and relevance. The OIC thesis is relevant to debates that ranges from semantics and pragmatics to legal philosophy, deontic logic and the philosophy of action and mind. We state the different theses that have been proposed concerning OIC and...

BACKGROUND Opioids are effective for acute and chronic pain conditions, but their use is associated with often difficult-to-manage constipation and other gastrointestinal (GI) effects due to effects on peripheral μ-opioid receptors in the gut. The mechanism of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) differs from that of functional constipation (FC), and OIC may not respond as well to most first-line ...

BACKGROUND Labdane-type diterpenes induce lower blood pressure via relaxation of vascular smooth muscle; however, there are no studies describing the effects of labdanes in hypertensive rats. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the cardiovascular actions of the labdane-type diterpene ent-3-acetoxy-labda-8(17), 13-dien-15-oic acid (labda-15-oic acid) in two-kidney 1 clip (2...

BACKGROUND Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) can be a debilitating side effect of opioid therapy and may result in increased medical costs. The published data on the economic burden of OIC among long-term opioid users are limited. OBJECTIVE To assess the economic burden of OIC in patients with noncancer pain in a managed care population in the United States. METHODS This retrospective study...

Cell suspension cultures from hypocotyl-derived callus of Hyssopus officinalis were found to produce two sterols i. e. beta-sitosterol (1) and stigmasterol (2), as well as several known pentacyclic triterpenes with an oleanene and ursene skeleton. The triterpenes were identified as oleanolic acid (3), ursolic acid (4), 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (5), 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyurs...

In this study we have profiled the free sterol content of cerebrospinal fluid by a combination of charge tagging and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, the most abundant cholesterol metabolites were found to be C(27) and C(24) intermediates of the bile acid biosynthetic pathways with structures corresponding to 7alpha-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid (7.170 +/- 2...