This paper explores the idea that a proper valuing of natural environments is essential to (and not just a natural basis for) a broader human virtue that might be called ʻappreciation of the goodʼ. This kind of valuing can explain, without any commitment to a metaphysics of intrinsic values, how and why it is good to value certain natural phenomena for their own sakes. The objection that such a...

Objective: Magazine Luiza, founded in November 1957, a national retail icon, started 2011 at B3, with exponential growth the valuation of its shares. This case provides following pedagogical objectives: a) to promote problem analysis, propose and inquire decisions regarding valuation; b) stimulate reflection between theory that supports evaluation purposes way it should be developed applied; c)...

the aim of this paper is to generalize the‎‎notion of pseudo-almost valuation domains to arbitrary‎ ‎commutative rings‎. ‎it is shown that the classes of chained rings‎ ‎and pseudo-valuation rings are properly contained in the class of‎ ‎pseudo-almost valuation rings; also the class of pseudo-almost‎ ‎valuation rings is properly contained in the class of quasi-local‎ ‎rings with linearly ordere...

The valuation monoids and pseudo-valuation monoids have been established through valuation domains and pseudo-valuation domains respectively. In this study we continue these lines to describe the almost valuation monoids, almost pseudo-valuation monoids and pseudoalmost valuation monoids. Further we also characterized the newly described monoids as the spirit of valuation monoids pseudo-valuati...

This paper discusses the standard welfare economics assumption anthropocentric welfarism, i.e. that only human well-being counts intrinsically. New survey evidence from a representative sample in Sweden is presented, indicating that anthropocentrism is strongly rejected, on average. However, most people appear to have a consequentialistic ethics, in line with conventional welfare economics. The...

This paper discusses a fundamental market failure regarding environmental conservation, and how the problem can be solved by appropriate policies. A "seller" (or owner of a tropical forest) may be motivated to conserve if a "buyer" is expected to pay. The buyer, however, does not find it necessary to pay as long as the seller conserves in any case. This contradiction implies that the forest wil...

Let R be a ring and V be a matrix valuation on R. It is shown that, there exists a correspondence between matrix valuations on R and some special subsets ?(MVPR) of the set of all square matrices over R, analogous to the correspondence between invariant valuation rings and abelian valuation functions on a division ring. Furthermore, based on Malcolmson’s localization, an alternative proof for t...