This paper considers the effects of joint negotiation when suppliers and intermediaries engage in bilateral negotiation over inclusion of a supplier’s product in an intermediary’s network. I identify conditions under which joint negotiation by two suppliers increases the suppliers’ bargaining power even when the suppliers’ products are not substitutes for each other. In particular, joint negoti...

We propose and analyze a general periodic-review model in which the firm has access to a set of potential suppliers, each with specific yield and price characteristics. Assuming that unsatisfied demand is backlogged, the firm incurs three types of costs: (i) procurement costs, (ii) inventory-carrying costs for units carried over from one period to the next, and (iii) backlogging costs. A procur...

with the growth of public awareness for environmental protection, green production was raised as an important issue for each producer, which will guarantee its activity in long term. creating suppliers, performance assessment system is so necessary and important that it measures suitability of the suppliers for long-term cooperation with the company. many activities have been performed for sele...

atp-sensitive potassium (katp) channel openers have a relaxation effect due to the lower cellular membrane potential and inhibit calcium influx. there has been considerable interest in exploring katp channel openers in the treatment of various diseases such as cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and urinary system disease and premature labor. the purpose of this study was to synthesize 3,3,6,6-tet...

Problem statement: The “Energy Policy for Europe, EPE” and three environmental directives, proposed by the European Union (EU) in 2007, are stricter than those self-restrained by the enterprises. For this reason, the enterprises have to shortly improve their products for meeting with the strict requests setup by the EU. Consequently, it becomes even more important that the manufacturers evaluat...

this study aims to minimize the total cost of a four-echelon supply chain including suppliers, an assembler, distributers, and retailers. the total cost consists of purchasing raw materials from the suppliers by the assembler, assembling the final product, materials transportation from the suppliers to the assembler, product transportation from the assembler to the distributors, product transpo...

Currently, due to increased competition in the services and manufacturing, many companies are trying to lower price and good quality products offer to the market. In this paper, the multi-criteria decision-making techniques to evaluate and select the best supplier from among the existing suppliers. The first, hierarchical structure for selecting suppliers of raw materials used and the analytic ...