there are hadiths whose understanding and accepting would become possible not merely through observing principles of communication and not for everybody, but rather for specific addresses who are endowed with specific degree of knowledge. such hadiths, which are narrated in shiite collections of hadiths in a variety of forms and by various chains of transmission, are entitled “difficult and com...

shiism, like other islamic sects, believed in the existence of sharia as a comprehensive guide from allah. in the islamic primary sources, as in quran and traditions which are the primary basis for the political fiqh, sharia entered the political life arena of the moslems. from the early second century so far, shiite political fiqh started developing. this trend towards political fiqh was stren...

Euthanasia is one of the controversial topics in current medical ethics. Among the six well-known types of euthanasia, passive voluntary euthanasia (PVE) seems to be more plausible in comparison with other types, from the moral point of view. According to the Kantian framework, ethical features come from 'reason'. Maxims are formulated as categorical imperative which has three different version...

BACKGROUND Muslims comprise 4.8% of the national population in the UK and also form a significant proportion of its ethnic minority population, with trends set to continue for the foreseeable future. With ethnic minority health inequalities deepening further, there is an apparent lack of strategies to effectively tackle this growing problem. Imams, Muslim religious leaders, represent a hitherto...

This contribution is a commented portfolio of images gathered during fieldwork in Baghdad (February 2020). It aims to provide an overview the murals which have been concentrated on Tahrir Square since revolution October 2019. These share some iconographic topics common with thawra (revolution) Syria, Tunisia, Egypt and Beirut. Nevertheless, semantic registers are specific Iraq, divided into two...