BACKGROUND Several reports have implied progressive increase of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use among Iranian athletes. More importantly, most of the previous research in the Iranian population had mainly focused on the anabolic steroid abuse, and ignored other agents. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of PED use among bodybuilding ath...

background: the high prevalence and potential side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids (aas) misuse by athletes has made it a major public health concern. epidemiological studies on the abuse of such drugs are mandatory for developing effective preventive drug control programs in sports community. this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of aas abuse and their association with some ps...

the aim of this research was to investigate the satisfaction and loyalty of female bodybuilders towards domestic and foreign sport garments considering garments characteristics. in other words, this research attempted to answer this question that which characteristics rise female athletes' satisfaction from sport garments with special brands and consequently their loyalty so that the obtai...

Muscle dysmorphia is an emerging condition that primarily affects male bodybuilders. Such individuals obsess about being inadequately muscular. Compulsions include spending hours in the gym, squandering excessive amounts of money on ineffectual sports supplements, abnormal eating patterns or even substance abuse. In this essay, I illustrate the features of muscle dysmorphia by employing the fir...

AIM The development of the 6-factor, 27-item Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) was based on Lantz et al. proposed model of characteristics associated with Muscle Dysmorphia. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN quantitative procedures including item-to-total correlations, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and structure equation modeling confirmed the construct validity of the scale. Con...