The combustion of crude oil produces a wide range of pollutants, including gases, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acid compounds (e.g., sulfuric acid), and soot. Several of these pollutants have been linked with the deterioration and blackening of monuments. The paper reports the results of an investigation on the causes of the soiling of cultural remains at import...

Over 1,650 participants from 94 countries came together in Florence from 9-14 November 2014 for the 18 General Assembly of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). 1300 technical proposals and the exchange between heritage specialists have culminated in the following Declaration of principles and recommendations on the value of cultural heritage and landscapes for promoting pe...

“OF MAKING MANY BOOKS THERE IS NO END,” writes the biblical author of Ecclesiastes—and so it seems that of the making of many international heritage conventions, principles, and guidelines there also seems to be no end in sight. Beginning with the 1931 Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments, through the 1964 Venice Charter, and continuing with the recent adoption of the 2003 I...

Today, the field-oriented architecture of the historical context of the most important topics in the field of architecture Because of the inherent value and practical concepts and is directly related to the knowledge, awareness and decision-making at the individual or individuals. No matter how much knowledge is more valuable than the deeper, more complete and more accurate will be extracted ...

The recent survey technologies, play a leading role in the process of knowledge of the cultural heritage. In fact they are finalized to the acquisition of geometric data necessary to describe usefully geometric features and peculiarities of historical monuments necessary for their conservation and safeguard. Besides digitalisation of the acquired data, allows the same data availability by diffe...

Cultural heritage sites are rare and irreplaceable wealth of human civilization. The majority of them are becoming unstable due to a combination of human and natural disturbances. High-precision, efficient deformation monitoring facilitates the early recognition of potential risks and enables preventive diagnosis of heritage sites. In this study, an advanced Multi-Temporal Interferometric Synth...

Cultural Heritage Sites are in danger of being destroyed due to several factors, such as earthquakes, uncontrolled urbanization and air pollution. The latest, whether it is from industrial, transport or domestic sources, can cause significant degradation and corrosion of cultural monuments. The use of satellite images for monitoring air pollution in different areas has received considerable att...