introduction: n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors play a pivotal role in the development of tolerance and physical dependence to opiates. activation of nmda receptors involves the induction of long term potentiation (ltp) in hippocampus. our previous study suggested that chronic oral administration of morphine enhanced nmda dependent ltp in the ca1 area of hippocampal slices of rats. the pres...

bacterial protein toxins have been exploited as therapeutic agents and as vaccines. an issue of deserving interest is development of new generations of vaccines and immune adjuvants. in this study an active assembled recombinant shiga toxin of escherichia coli (rstx1) and its derivatives, recombinant a and b subunits (stx1-a and stx1-b), were used to immunize mice. the elicited antibody respons...

Background: Human luteinizing hormone (hLH) stimulates steroid biosynthesis of the ovary, triggers ovulation and prepares androgen production of testicular Leydig cells. LH belongs to the family of glycoprotein hormones that are heterodimers consisting of a common α-subunit and specific β-subunit. hLH is necessary for clinical and infertility treatment. Recombinant DNA technology provides a use...

The subunits that compose eukaryotic glutamate ion channel receptors have three transmembrane domains (TMs) and terminate with intracellular tails that are important for controlling channel expression and localization. Truncation of NMDA receptor subunits before the final TM showed that this TM and intracellular tail region are necessary to form functional channels. However, it is shown here th...

the high molecular weight glutenin subunit (hmw-gs) compositions of 19 diploid wild wheat (t.boeoticum) and 36 diploid wild wheat (a.tauschii) were determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). all of t. boeoticum were characterized for their hmw-gs, showed 2* in their glu-a1 locus. in the study of aegilops tauschii that were collected from iran and 7 neig...

Shiga toxins (Stxs) are bacterial virulence factors produced by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and Escherichia coli strains. Stxs are critical factors for the development of diseases such as severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Additionally, Stxs trigger the secretion of pro- inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly in monocytes or macrophages. The inflammatory cyto...

Both glutamate receptors and transporters are known to be important in the postsynaptic regulation of glutamate neurotransmission. However, the maturation profile of glutamate transporter EAAC1 and glutamate receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A and NR2B; and GluR 1-4) in functionally activated saccule-related vestibular nuclear neurons of postnatal rats remains unclear. In the present study, conscious ...