Designing a task with a reasonable level of cognitive complexity has always been important for syllabus designers, teachers, as well as researchers. This is because task manipulation may lead to different results in oral production. The present study was an attempt to explore the effect of this  manipulation  -  based  on  Robinson’s  resource-directing  model  (reasoning  demands, number of el...

AbstractThe current study examined the modification devices (MDs) used by non-native speakers (NNSs) learning EFL during dyadic task-based interactions. Three meaning-oriented tasks, namely picture-description, spot-the-difference, and opinion-exchange, were used to elicit data from 24(12 male and 12 female, forming 4 male-male, 4 female-female, and 4 male-female dyads) Iranian EFL learners wit...

Task-modality has been found to constrain the production of LREs in adults and children. However, there are no studies with young learners that have offered a comprehensive analysis LREs. To this end, paper will examine effect task-modality on features targeted them, as well their level engagement/elaboration during primary-school learners’ performance task containing both an oral written compo...

this study investigated the effect of sequencing tasks from simple to complex along +/- reasoning demands on fluency in writing task performance of english as foreign language (efl) learners. the participants of this study included 90 intermediate efl learners from three intact class divisions at the islamic azad uni- versity, shahr-e-qods branch. they were distributed in three groups: experime...

this study investigated the impact of sequencing tasks from simple to complex along +/- reasoning demands on the fluency of writing task performance among efl learners. the participants of the study were 90 inter- mediate efl learners from three classes at islamic azad university, shahr-e-qods branch in iran. they were distributed in three groups: experimental a, experimental b, and a control g...

abstractthe current study examined the modification devices (mds) used by non-native speakers (nnss) learning efl during dyadic task-based interactions. three meaning-oriented tasks, namely picture-description, spot-the-difference, and opinion-exchange, were used to elicit data from 24(12 male and 12 female, forming 4 male-male, 4 female-female, and 4 male-female dyads) iranian efl learners wit...

Spin-orbit interactions lead to small energy gaps between the outer-most p1/2 and p3/2 shells of noble gas atoms. Strong-field pulses tunnel-ionize an electron out of either shell resulting in spinorbit-driven hole motion. These hole dynamics affect the HHG yield. However, the spectral shape as well as the angular distribution of the HHG emission is not influenced by spin-orbit coupling. We dem...