the judicial practice of the international courts and tribunals – especiallyinternational court of justice – as the most important official entities forsurveying and identifying legal rules, has always been a valuable source inthe recognition of customary international law. in the recent decades, as aresult of developments caused by improving human concepts and humanityprinciples in the interna...

the cross-border symposium on hepatitis c, entitled “why treating now?” was held on 15th may 2013 during the 5th international tehran hepatitis congress. the present report summarizing communicated insights during this symposium is intended to help health care providers to make well-informed decisions when treating patients with chronic hepatitis c (chc). since today’s evolving science of hepat...

Credit and debit cards have become a prominent form of payment throughout the world. The interchange fees associated with these payment instruments have, in some instances, seen considerable change in recent years. In some countries, interchange fees have experienced sharp movements following a period of relative stability. In other countries, they have remained relatively steady, but significa...

Traditionally, courts interpreting written contracts focused primarily on the contract's language. Consideration of factors beyond the "four corners" of the document was discouraged. Modern courts construing standard form insurance contracts have deviated from this course and begun aiding the insured against the insurer. One of the methods used to tilt insurance disputes in favor of the insured...

On October 18, 2003, more than one hundred professionals from the five boroughs of New York City came together to identify, evaluate, and begin to solve some of the complex problems embedded in the culture, operations, and practice in New York City’s Criminal Courts. The conference planners focused on five problems that have undermined the pursuit of justice in New York City’s Criminal Court sy...